COM 313 Introduction to Intercultural Communication (Njathi)

Citing Indigenous Elders & Knowledge Keepers

Templates for culturally responsive citation for the variation of knowledge across indigenous communities.

Personal Interviews

Personal interviews are conducted by the author as a means of obtaining information to support a point in their paper that is not recoverable (for example, an email to a company asking about their hiring processes).  This type of interivew is cited as a personal communciation.  Personal communications are not listed in the reference list as they are not recoverable.  They are cited in-text only.

Format of personal communciation parenthetical in-text citation:  (Last Name, personal communication, January 1, 2024).

Research Participant Interviews

Interviews conducted as part of research methodology do not require a citation in APA.  Instead, state in the text that the quotes are from participants following ethical guidelines regarding participant confidentiality, anonymity and consent.

The material should be presented using the same guidelines as other quotations:

Quotations of fewer than 40 works are presented in quotation marks within text.

Quotations of 40 words or more is presenting as a block quotation.

For more information on using interviews according to APA, see the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines website.